SolidEarth: lithosphere thickness and mantle viscosity

Lithosphere thickness (m) and mantle viscosity (log10 of the viscosity in Pa s, on depth) from published Earth structures for glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) models, remapped onto the grids of the domains and onto global lon-lat grids. SolidEarth is a thematic dataset made by remapping (see Gridded data): its products are defined in SolidEarth/remap.toml.

Products

Product	Source	Fields	Domains
`SolidEarth-Pan2022-litho` (not released)	Pan et al. (2022): 0.5° global Earth structure of the GIA model Seakon, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107644	`z_litho`	Antarctica, GreenlandPaleo, Greenland, North, Laurentide, Eurasia, Global
`SolidEarth-Pan2022-visc` (not released)	Pan et al. (2022), as above	`log10_visc` on `depth` (64 levels, 24-2841 km)	Antarctica, GreenlandPaleo, Greenland, North, Laurentide, Eurasia, Global (16 km and coarser)
`SolidEarth-Bagge2021`	Bagge et al. (2021): 8 of the 18 global 3D viscosity structures for VILMA (those the article uses with NAICE: all reduction factors with profile s16, and the reference factor 0.4 with sc06 and sc06b; reference structure `v_0.4_s16`), Gaussian grid about 0.7°, doi:10.5880/GFZ.1.3.2020.004	`log10_visc` on `depth` (164 layers, with bounds, to the core-mantle boundary) and `structure` (1-8, see Bagge2021_visc)	Antarctica, GreenlandPaleo, Greenland, North, Laurentide, Eurasia, Global (16 km and coarser)
`SolidEarth-Lloyd2024`	Lloyd et al. (2024): global 3D viscosity inferred from GLAD-M25, 0.5°, doi:10.1093/gji/ggad455	`log10_visc` on `depth` (201 levels, 0-2891 km)	Antarctica, GreenlandPaleo, Greenland, North, Laurentide, Eurasia, Global (16 km and coarser)
`SolidEarth-Wiens2022` (not released)	Wiens et al. (2022), Ivins et al. (2022): Antarctic upper-mantle viscosity from ANT-20, 40 km, doi:10.1144/M56-2020-18	`log10_visc` on `depth` (100, 200, 300 km)	Antarctica (16 km and coarser)
`SolidEarth-Hazzard2023-litho`	Hazzard et al. (2023): Antarctic lithosphere from ANT-20 (1200 °C isotherm), 0.5°, south of 60°S, doi:10.1029/2023JB026653	`z_litho`, `z_litho_sd` (standard deviation)	Antarctica
`SolidEarth-Hazzard2023-visc`	Hazzard et al. (2023): Antarctic mantle viscosity from ANT-20, 0.5°, south of 45°S	`log10_visc`, `log10_visc_sd` (standard deviation) on `depth` (75-400 km every 25 km)	Antarctica (16 km and coarser)

log10_visc is the log10 of the viscosity in Pa s (units log10(Pa s)); depth is in m, positive down, from the surface (from the Earth radius of the model where the source gives radii, see the README of each source). Each file <GRID>_SolidEarth-<Source>.nc also has f_valid, the fraction of each cell covered by the source. Fields are remapped conservatively and, on grids finer than the source, smoothed with a Gaussian of half the source spacing. The viscosity products are made on grids of 16 km and coarser only: their sources are 0.5° or coarser and the files are large; models on finer grids can remap them online. Bagge2021, on the T170 Gaussian grid of VILMA, is made on the Gaussian grid GLOBAL-T170 (the same grid, no interpolation) instead of the regular global lon-lat grids.

Not released yet: the products of Pan et al. (2022) and Wiens et al. (2022), data obtained by personal communication, are made but left out of the releases (release = false) until their authors agree to their redistribution (to be asked), although the isostasy_data archive on Zenodo already redistributes them under CC BY 4.0.

Relation to isostasy_data

These products replace the Earth structure of the isostasy_data repository of J. Swierczek-Jereczek (https://github.com/JanJereczek/isostasy_data), made again from the original files where they are published:

isostasy_data	Here
`lithothickness/pan2022.llz`, `.nc`, `viscosity/pan2022.nc`	`Pan2022_litho` (same files, through the isostasy_data archive: not published by the authors)
`viscosity/bagge2021.nc`	`Bagge2021_visc` (structure 6, `v_1.0_s16`, of the 8 prepared from the 18 of the GFZ data publication, identical)
`viscosity/wiens2022.nc`	`Wiens2022_visc` (same file, through the isostasy_data archive: not published by the authors)
`yelmo/ANT-_GIA_HR24.nc`, `yelmo/ANT-_stdvisc_Hazzard2024.nc`	`Hazzard2023_visc` (the published grids: the standard deviations are the same; the mean viscosity of `GIA_HR24` is the published mean capped at 10^30.7 Pa s (as here) on 44 GIA layers, and its lithosphere is about 11% thicker than the published 1200 °C isotherm)
`yelmo/ANT-*_Lloyd2024.nc`	none: it is the viscosity of `GIA_HR24` capped at 10^23 Pa s, not the published model of Lloyd et al. (2024), which is `Lloyd2024_visc`

Precision

The float fields are rounded on output to a tolerance by kind (see Precision and file sizes): z_litho and z_litho_sd to 0.01 m; log10_visc and log10_visc_sd to 3 significant digits (about 0.01, 2% in viscosity); f_valid to 0.001.

Licences

Source	Licence
Pan et al. (2022)	Not published by the authors, no licence stated (obtained by personal communication for isostasy_data, archived under CC BY 4.0): not released until the authors agree
Bagge et al. (2021)	CC BY 4.0 (GFZ Data Services)
Lloyd et al. (2024)	CC BY 4.0 (supporting information of the article)
Wiens et al. (2022)	Not published by the authors, no licence stated (provided by D. A. Wiens for isostasy_data, archived under CC BY 4.0): not released until the authors agree
Hazzard et al. (2023)	No licence set on OSF (article CC BY 4.0); publishing assumed to be allowed

The licence of each source is in its README and in the license attribute of its files. A source can be released under the FesmData licence (CC BY 4.0) only if its own licence allows it.

Making the dataset

julia -t 8 fesmdata.jl remap SolidEarth
# on Levante, on part of a node of the shared partition:
# sbatch --job-name=remap-SolidEarth -p shared -c 32 --mem=29G -t 02:00:00 Remap/jobs/remap_dataset.sbatch SolidEarth

This makes all products on all their grids, after preparing the sources that are not prepared yet (<source>/prepare.jl; Lloyd2024_visc needs a manual download first, see its README). To make one product, or some domains or grids, name them, e.g. julia fesmdata.jl remap SolidEarth Bagge2021 Antarctica GLOBAL-1DEG. Existing files are kept unless --overwrite.

See GHF for adding a source.

Downloads

Download the files with fesmdata.jl into $FESMDATA_PRODUCTS/<Domain>/<GRID>/ (see Download), or one by one from the links below. All released datasets are listed under Products.

Global

Version 2.1.1 (2026-10-16, packages). 6 files, 175.4 MB.

julia fesmdata.jl fetch SolidEarth Global     # all grids
julia fesmdata.jl fetch SolidEarth GLOBAL-T170     # one grid

GLOBAL-0.25DEG 1 files, 75.1 MB

GLOBAL-0.25DEG_SolidEarth-Lloyd2024.nc

75.1 MB

GLOBAL-0.5DEG 1 files, 25.9 MB

GLOBAL-0.5DEG_SolidEarth-Lloyd2024.nc

25.9 MB

GLOBAL-1DEG 1 files, 8.5 MB

GLOBAL-1DEG_SolidEarth-Lloyd2024.nc

8.5 MB

GLOBAL-2DEG 1 files, 2.6 MB

GLOBAL-2DEG_SolidEarth-Lloyd2024.nc

2.6 MB

GLOBAL-5DEG 1 files, 511.6 kB

GLOBAL-5DEG_SolidEarth-Lloyd2024.nc

511.6 kB

GLOBAL-T170 1 files, 62.8 MB

GLOBAL-T170_SolidEarth-Bagge2021.nc

62.8 MB

Antarctica

Version 2.1.1 (2026-10-16, packages). 10 files, 82.7 MB.

julia fesmdata.jl fetch SolidEarth Antarctica     # all grids
julia fesmdata.jl fetch SolidEarth ANT-32KM     # one grid

ANT-4KM 1 files, 9.1 MB

ANT-4KM_SolidEarth-Hazzard2023-litho.nc

9.1 MB

ANT-8KM 1 files, 2.5 MB

ANT-8KM_SolidEarth-Hazzard2023-litho.nc

2.5 MB

ANT-16KM 4 files, 52.3 MB

ANT-16KM_SolidEarth-Bagge2021.nc	38.8 MB
ANT-16KM_SolidEarth-Hazzard2023-litho.nc	707.1 kB
ANT-16KM_SolidEarth-Hazzard2023-visc.nc	3.2 MB
ANT-16KM_SolidEarth-Lloyd2024.nc	9.7 MB

ANT-32KM 4 files, 18.8 MB

ANT-32KM_SolidEarth-Bagge2021.nc	14.1 MB
ANT-32KM_SolidEarth-Hazzard2023-litho.nc	217.4 kB
ANT-32KM_SolidEarth-Hazzard2023-visc.nc	1.0 MB
ANT-32KM_SolidEarth-Lloyd2024.nc	3.5 MB

GreenlandPaleo

Version 2.1.1 (2026-10-16, packages). 4 files, 14.1 MB.

julia fesmdata.jl fetch SolidEarth GreenlandPaleo     # all grids
julia fesmdata.jl fetch SolidEarth GRL-PAL-32KM     # one grid

GRL-PAL-16KM 2 files, 10.3 MB

GRL-PAL-16KM_SolidEarth-Bagge2021.nc	8.5 MB
GRL-PAL-16KM_SolidEarth-Lloyd2024.nc	1.9 MB

GRL-PAL-32KM 2 files, 3.8 MB

GRL-PAL-32KM_SolidEarth-Bagge2021.nc	3.1 MB
GRL-PAL-32KM_SolidEarth-Lloyd2024.nc	693.8 kB

North

Version 2.1.1 (2026-10-16, packages). 4 files, 140.5 MB.

julia fesmdata.jl fetch SolidEarth North     # all grids
julia fesmdata.jl fetch SolidEarth NH-32KM     # one grid

NH-16KM 2 files, 103.7 MB

NH-16KM_SolidEarth-Bagge2021.nc	83.5 MB
NH-16KM_SolidEarth-Lloyd2024.nc	20.2 MB

NH-32KM 2 files, 36.8 MB

NH-32KM_SolidEarth-Bagge2021.nc	29.7 MB
NH-32KM_SolidEarth-Lloyd2024.nc	7.0 MB

Nests and crops

These nests and crops get products of SolidEarth by cropping those of the domain (or crop) that contains them: fetch downloads these and cuts them (see Nests and crops), e.g. julia fesmdata.jl fetch SolidEarth Amery.

Nest or crop	Cut from	Products
Amery	Antarctica	4
Amundsen	Antarctica	4
Eurasia	North	2
FilchnerRonne	Antarctica	4
Greenland	GreenlandPaleo	2
Helheim	GreenlandPaleo	2
Jakobshavn	GreenlandPaleo	2
Laurentide	North	2
NEGIS	GreenlandPaleo	2
Petermann	GreenlandPaleo	2
PineIsland	Antarctica	4
Ross	Antarctica	4
Thwaites	Antarctica	4
WilkesBasin	Antarctica	4